# Durable Objects

> Create and review Cloudflare Durable Objects. Use when building stateful coordination (chat rooms, multiplayer games, booking systems), implementing RPC methods, SQLite storage, alarms, WebSockets, or reviewing DO code for best practices. Covers Workers integration, wrangler config, and testing with Vitest. Biases towards retrieval from Cloudflare docs over pre-trained knowledge.

Source: https://skillsagentes.com/skills/cloudflare/skills/durable-objects
Repository: https://github.com/cloudflare/skills
Author: cloudflare
License: Apache-2.0
Updated: hace 5 meses
Context cost: 96 tok installed, 1.5k tok once triggered, 7.1k tok with every bundled file
Bundle: 4 files, 28 KB
Permissions requested: none declared

## Install

```bash
npx -y skills add cloudflare/skills --skill durable-objects --agent claude-code
```

## What it does

- Ayuda a crear y revisar clases Durable Object de Cloudflare
- Guía la configuración de wrangler.jsonc/toml para bindings y migraciones de DO
- Aporta patrones para RPC, almacenamiento SQLite, alarms y WebSockets
- Da pautas para escribir tests con @cloudflare/vitest-pool-workers
- Prioriza la consulta de la documentación de Cloudflare sobre el conocimiento preentrenado

## Use it when

- Crear nuevas clases Durable Object para coordinación con estado
- Implementar métodos RPC, alarms o manejadores de WebSocket
- Revisar código de DO existente en busca de buenas prácticas
- Configurar wrangler.jsonc/toml para bindings de DO y migraciones, o escribir tests con vitest-pool-workers

## Don't bother when

- Manejo de peticiones sin estado (usar Workers normales)
- Necesidades de máxima distribución global
- Peticiones independientes con alto fan-out

## What triggers it

- "Crea un Durable Object para una sala de chat con WebSockets"
- "Revisa este código de Durable Object según las mejores prácticas"
- "Configura wrangler.jsonc para bindings de Durable Objects con SQLite"
- "Escribe tests con vitest-pool-workers para mi Durable Object"
- "Implementa un alarm para renovar suscripciones en un DO"

## Before you install

- Requiere Wrangler y, para tests, @cloudflare/vitest-pool-workers.

## Files

- SKILL.md — 6 KB
- references/rules.md — 8 KB
- references/testing.md — 6 KB
- references/workers.md — 7 KB

## SKILL.md

Reproduced verbatim from cloudflare/skills under Apache-2.0. This section is the upstream document and is in English.

# Durable Objects

Build stateful, coordinated applications on Cloudflare's edge using Durable Objects.

## Retrieval Sources

Your knowledge of Durable Objects APIs and configuration may be outdated. **Prefer retrieval over pre-training** for any Durable Objects task.

| Resource | URL |
|----------|-----|
| Docs | https://developers.cloudflare.com/durable-objects/ |
| API Reference | https://developers.cloudflare.com/durable-objects/api/ |
| Best Practices | https://developers.cloudflare.com/durable-objects/best-practices/ |
| Examples | https://developers.cloudflare.com/durable-objects/examples/ |

Fetch the relevant doc page when implementing features.

## When to Use

- Creating new Durable Object classes for stateful coordination
- Implementing RPC methods, alarms, or WebSocket handlers
- Reviewing existing DO code for best practices
- Configuring wrangler.jsonc/toml for DO bindings and migrations
- Writing tests with `@cloudflare/vitest-pool-workers`
- Designing sharding strategies and parent-child relationships

## Reference Documentation

- `./references/rules.md` - Core rules, storage, concurrency, RPC, alarms
- `./references/testing.md` - Vitest setup, unit/integration tests, alarm testing
- `./references/workers.md` - Workers handlers, types, wrangler config, observability

Search: `blockConcurrencyWhile`, `idFromName`, `getByName`, `setAlarm`, `sql.exec`

## Core Principles

### Use Durable Objects For

| Need | Example |
|------|---------|
| Coordination | Chat rooms, multiplayer games, collaborative docs |
| Strong consistency | Inventory, booking systems, turn-based games |
| Per-entity storage | Multi-tenant SaaS, per-user data |
| Persistent connections | WebSockets, real-time notifications |
| Scheduled work per entity | Subscription renewals, game timeouts |

### Do NOT Use For

- Stateless request handling (use plain Workers)
- Maximum global distribution needs
- High fan-out independent requests

## Quick Reference

### Wrangler Configuration

```jsonc
// wrangler.jsonc
{
  "durable_objects": {
    "bindings": [{ "name": "MY_DO", "class_name": "MyDurableObject" }]
  },
  "migrations": [{ "tag": "v1", "new_sqlite_classes": ["MyDurableObject"] }]
}
```

### Basic Durable Object Pattern

```typescript
import { DurableObject } from "cloudflare:workers";

export interface Env {
  MY_DO: DurableObjectNamespace<MyDurableObject>;
}

export class MyDurableObject extends DurableObject<Env> {
  constructor(ctx: DurableObjectState, env: Env) {
    super(ctx, env);
    ctx.blockConcurrencyWhile(async () => {
      this.ctx.storage.sql.exec(`
        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS items (
          id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
          data TEXT NOT NULL
        )
      `);
    });
  }

  async addItem(data: string): Promise<number> {
    const result = this.ctx.storage.sql.exec<{ id: number }>(
      "INSERT INTO items (data) VALUES (?) RETURNING id",
      data
    );
    return result.one().id;
  }
}

export default {
  async fetch(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response> {
    const stub = env.MY_DO.getByName("my-instance");
    const id = await stub.addItem("hello");
    return Response.json({ id });
  },
};
```

## Critical Rules

1. **Model around coordination atoms** - One DO per chat room/game/user, not one global DO
2. **Use `getByName()` for deterministic routing** - Same input = same DO instance
3. **Use SQLite storage** - Configure `new_sqlite_classes` in migrations
4. **Initialize in constructor** - Use `blockConcurrencyWhile()` for schema setup only
5. **Use RPC methods** - Not fetch() handler (compatibility date >= 2024-04-03)
6. **Persist first, cache second** - Always write to storage before updating in-memory state
7. **One alarm per DO** - `setAlarm()` replaces any existing alarm

## Anti-Patterns (NEVER)

- Single global DO handling all requests (bottleneck)
- Using `blockConcurrencyWhile()` on every request (kills throughput)
- Storing critical state only in memory (lost on eviction/crash)
- Using `await` between related storage writes (breaks atomicity)
- Holding `blockConcurrencyWhile()` across `fetch()` or external I/O

## Stub Creation

```typescript
// Deterministic - preferred for most cases
const stub = env.MY_DO.getByName("room-123");

// From existing ID string
const id = env.MY_DO.idFromString(storedIdString);
const stub = env.MY_DO.get(id);

// New unique ID - store mapping externally
const id = env.MY_DO.newUniqueId();
const stub = env.MY_DO.get(id);
```

## Storage Operations

```typescript
// SQL (synchronous, recommended)
this.ctx.storage.sql.exec("INSERT INTO t (c) VALUES (?)", value);
const rows = this.ctx.storage.sql.exec<Row>("SELECT * FROM t").toArray();

// KV (async)
await this.ctx.storage.put("key", value);
const val = await this.ctx.storage.get<Type>("key");
```

## Alarms

```typescript
// Schedule (replaces existing)
await this.ctx.storage.setAlarm(Date.now() + 60_000);

// Handler
async alarm(): Promise<void> {
  // Process scheduled work
  // Optionally reschedule: await this.ctx.storage.setAlarm(...)
}

// Cancel
await this.ctx.storage.deleteAlarm();
```

## Testing Quick Start

```typescript
import { env } from "cloudflare:test";
import { describe, it, expect } from "vitest";

describe("MyDO", () => {
  it("should work", async () => {
    const stub = env.MY_DO.getByName("test");
    const result = await stub.addItem("test");
    expect(result).toBe(1);
  });
});
```

---

Skills Agentes — https://skillsagentes.com/skills/cloudflare/skills/durable-objects